In recent years, technological advancements in satellite communications have paved the way for innovative connectivity services. A new type of satellite service, known as Direct-to-Device (D2D) or Direct-to-Cell (DTC) connectivity, is now gaining attention. This service allows communication directly from a mobile phone to a satellite without relying on a large dish. Satellite D2D services are a supplement to terrestrial cellular networks, augmenting coverage where towers are not viable – such as truly remote areas.
As commercial carriers roll out new services, consumers may have questions about the capabilities of satellite D2D. To get a better understanding of the capabilities and constraints of the service, WIA commissioned a white paper by Telecom, Media and Finance Associates (TMF). In the paper, Tim Farrar, President of TMF, explains the current capabilities of satellite D2D services, as well as constraints such as lower speeds, limited capacity, and limited coverage in obstructed areas.
Farrar notes it is important to realize that satellite D2D service is completely different than satellite broadband service: it uses lower frequency spectrum to enable communications directly with a phone, rather than via a large dish. In the US, satellite D2D services use a 5MHz block of spectrum, which means that the capacity of the system is very low. Because the beams produced by the distant satellite spread out further, they are covering an area much larger than a typical terrestrial tower. A terrestrial tower in a suburban area may cover a region that is 2-5 miles across, or 3-20 square miles, while a single satellite beam may cover a region that is 12-30 miles across, an area of 100-600 square miles, or 30 times greater. That means up to 30 times more people will have to share the same amount of capacity.
While the capabilities of satellite D2D may be limited, the service is an important part of the digital infrastructure ecosystem. Commercial carriers are partnering with satellite operators to provide connectivity in remote areas where it is not economically viable to deploy terrestrial cell towers. D2D services are valuable in truly remote areas and during disasters when terrestrial infrastructure is unavailable. However, the limitations of D2D service – much lower speeds, limited capacity and poor coverage in obstructed areas (like inside buildings) – mean that D2D is not a true substitute for terrestrial cellular service and terrestrial wireless infrastructure remains vital.
Satellite D2D FAQs
While satellite D2D has many promising applications—particularly in the most remote regions of the country—it is still a developing technology. Ultimately, satellite-based services will complement, not replace, existing terrestrial networks that handle the vast majority of mobile traffic.
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